Author Information
Authors submitting manuscripts to Pigment Cell &
Melanoma Research do so on the understanding that the work has
not been published previously, is not being considered for
publication elsewhere, and has been read and approved by all
authors. Further, submission of manuscripts means that authors
automatically agree to sign a Copyright Transfer Agreement
Form, if and when the manuscript is accepted for publication.
Closely related papers that are in press in other journals or that
will be or have been submitted elsewhere must be included with the
submitted manuscript.
Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research publishes
manuscripts on all aspects of pigment cells including development,
cell and molecular biology, genetics, diseases of pigment cells
including melanoma. Papers that provide insights into the causes
and progression of melanoma including the process of metastasis and
invasion, proliferation, senescence, apoptosis or gene regulation
are especially welcome, as are papers that use the melanocyte
system to answer questions of general biological relevance. Papers
that are purely descriptive or make only minor advances to our
knowledge of pigment cells or melanoma in particular are not
suitable for this journal.
Vitiligo - Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research receives a large number of manuscripts describing allelic association studies of candidate genes and various common diseases. These manuscripts will undergo preliminary assessement by the Editorial Board, and may be returned without review if there are major statistical genetic deficiences. Such deficiencies may include (but are not limited to): utilization of only simple case-control study design, utilization of study subjects substantially overlapping those used in a previous study of the same gene or variant, failure to utilize appropriate statistical correction for multiple-testing, utilization of inadequate or inappropriate statistial methodology, or failure to fully describe statistical methods used.
HUMAN SUBJECTS
If the manuscript reports
results of studies carried out using either human subjects or
materials obtained from human subjects, it must be stated in the
METHODS section that the study was approved by the appropriate
institutional review board (IRB) or ethics committee, which must be
named, and that appropriate informed consent was obtained from all
human subjects.
Gene Array Data
Click
here to see guidelines for preparation and analysis of gene
array data.
Online production tracking is now available for your
article through Wiley-Blackwell’s Author
Services.
Author Services enables authors to track
their article - once it has been accepted - through the production
process to publication online and in print. Authors can check the
status of their articles online and choose to receive automated
e-mails at key stages of production. The author will receive an
e-mail with a unique link that enables them to register and have
their article automatically added to the system. Please ensure that
a complete e-mail address is provided when submitting the
manuscript. Visit this page for
more details on online production tracking and for a wealth of
resources including FAQs and tips on article preparation,
submission and more.
Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research now offers Accepted Articles for all full articles, whereby peer reviewed, accepted articles are published online soon after acceptance, without having been copy-edited or typeset. Accepted Articles appear in PDF-only format, without the accompanying full-text HTML. Each manuscript is assigned a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), which allows the article to be cited and tracked before it is allocated to an issue. After print publication, the DOI remains valid and can continue to be used to cite and access the article.
COVER ART
Members of the pigment cell
research community are invited to send in suggestions for colour
images to be used as cover art for Pigment Cell & Melanoma
Research. The images should be visually exciting and should be
relevant to any aspect of pigment cell biology including for
example, pigmentation phenotypes or patterns, images from cell or
developmental biology or related to melanoma. Images should
be uploaded in TIFF or EPS format at the highest possible
resolution together with a brief description of the image provided.
From those images selected for PCMR covers one will be chosen by
the editorial board to be the ‘cover of the year’ and the
individual submitting that image will be entitled to a year’s free
online subscription to the journal.
Early View
Pigment Cell &
Melanoma Research is covered by Wiley-Blackwell’s
Early View service. Early View articles are complete full-text
articles published online in advance of their publication in a
printed issue. Articles are therefore available as soon as they are
ready, rather than having to wait for the next scheduled print
issue. Early View articles are complete and final. They have been
fully reviewed, revised and edited for publication, and the
authors’ final corrections have been incorporated. Because they are
in final form, no changes can be made after online publication. The
nature of Early View articles means that they do not yet have
volume, issue or page numbers, so Early View articles cannot
be cited in the traditional way. They are therefore given a Digital
Object Identifier (DOI), which allows the article to be cited and
tracked before it is allocated to an issue. After print
publication, the DOI remains valid and can continue to be used to
cite and access the article. More information about DOIs can be
found at: http://www.doi.org/faq.html. To
receive an e-mail alert when your article is published, please see
this
page.
PRE-SUBMISSION ENGLISH-LANGUAGE EDITING
We strongly recommend that for authors for whom English is a second
language, the option to have their manuscript professionally edited
before submission to improve the English is followed. A list of
independent suppliers of editing services can be found at www.blackwellpublishing.com/bauthor/english_language.asp.
Japanese authors can also find a list of local English improvement
services at http://www.wiley.co.jp/journals/editcontribute.html.
All services are paid for and arranged by the author, and use of
one of these services does not guarantee acceptance or preference
for publication.
MANUSCRIPT SUBMISSION
Manuscripts should
be submitted using the online system, ScholarOne Manuscripts
(formerly known as Manuscript Central) (http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/pcmr).
All communications will be made through the online system platform.
Assistance is available from the PCMR Editorial Assistant at
pcmr@burnham.org. Please see Instructions to Authors at the above
webpage for more information.
WORD 2007
Will authors please note that Word 2007 is not yet compatible with
journal production systems. Unfortunately, the journal cannot
accept Microsoft Word 2007 documents until such time as a stable
production version is released. Please use Word’s ‘Save As’ option
therefore to save your document as an older (.doc) file type.
COPYRIGHT
Authors will be required to sign a Copyright Transfer Agreement
Form (CTA) for all papers accepted for publication. Signature of
the CTA is a condition of publication and papers will not be passed
to the publisher for production unless a signed form has been
received. Please note that signature of the Copyright Transfer
Agreement Form does not affect ownership of copyright in the
material. (Government employees need to complete the Author
Warranty sections, although copyright in such cases does not
need to be assigned). After submission authors will
retain the right to publish their paper in various
medium/circumstances (please see the form for further
details). To assist authors an appropriate form will be
supplied by the editorial office. Alternatively, authors may like
to download a copy of the form here. Forms should be
returned to the Production Editor (Pigment Cell and Melanoma
Research, Wiley-Blackwell, 101 George Street, Edinburgh, EH2 3ES,
UK, Fax: +44 (0)131 226 3803) after acceptance of your paper.
NIH-FUNDED AUTHORS AND PIGMENT CELL & MELANOMA
RESEARCH
From April 2008, the NIH is mandating grant-holders to deposit
their published papers in PubMed Central within 12 months of
publication. Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research complies
with the NIH mandate in allowing authors to post the accepted
version of their article i.e. the version incorporating any
amendments made during peer review, 12 months after publication. In
doing so authors will be meeting the terms of their grant (http://publicaccess.nih.gov/FAQ.htm#general).
As an alternative, NIH-funded authors may use the Online Open
service (http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/authorresources/onlineopen.html#OnlineOpen_Terms).
This service grants free and immediate availability of the article
on publication, and deposition of the final pdf version with PubMed
Central.
ONLINE OPEN
OnlineOpen is available to authors of primary research articles who
wish to make their article available to non-subscribers on
publication, or whose funding agency requires grantees to archive
the final version of their article. With OnlineOpen, the author,
the author's funding agency, or the author's institution pays a fee
to ensure that the article is made available to non-subscribers
upon publication via Wiley InterScience, as well as deposited in
the funding agency's preferred archive. For the full list of terms
and conditions, see
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/authorresources/onlineopen.html#OnlineOpen_Terms.
Any authors wishing to send their paper OnlineOpen will be required
to complete the payment form available from our website at:
https://secure.interscience.wiley.com/funded_access.html.
Prior to acceptance there is no requirement to inform an Editorial
Office that you intend to publish your paper OnlineOpen if you do
not wish to. All OnlineOpen articles are treated in the same way as
any other article. They go through the journal's standard
peer-review process and will be accepted or rejected based on their
own merit.
TYPES OF MANUSCRIPTS CONSIDERED
Original Research Articles - Research papers
consisting of: Summary, Introduction, Results, Discussion and
Materials and Methods sections are required (Results and Discussion
may be combined if the author wishes). Literature cited should be
succinct and preferably limited to seven journal printed pages
(about 55 000 characters including data, and 50 references).
Short Article (Communications) - report
data on research projects that have progressed to a point where
important preliminary observations should be disseminated; a
Summary is required but organization into Introduction,
Methods, Results, and Discussion sections is not required.
Communications will be published as quickly as possible within
journal production schedules. Limit to three printed pages (about
25 000 characters including data).
Concept – focused discussion of a specific question,
emerging problem, or a controversial topic. Concept is expected to
provide a data-based view and is often solicited from few
contributors to allow coverage from different expertise.
Hypothesis – short write-ups that offer a novel hypothesis
that may offer new concept and direction in solving existing
problem. These not need to always be based on exiting data.
Resource – provides list of reagents (antibodies,
cell lines, mouse lines) which are valuable to the pigment and
melanoma community. This is a single page outline with possible
links to online information and relevant references.
Letters to the Editor - Letters to the Editor will
be considered for publication if they address important, topical
issues such as an unexpected and novel research finding, or are a
response to, or a comment on, a previous publication. Limit to
about two pages and 12 references. Exceptions are made based on
Editorial decisions.
The following types of articles are usually invited but authors
wishing to contribute such manuscripts should contact the Executive
Editors or Editor in Chief in advance to see if the proposed
article would be considered by the Editorial Board.
Review Articles - in which a specific field is
reviewed through an exhaustive literature survey; an Abstract is
required. Reviews may be as long as 12 journal pages with no more
than 200 references.
Innovative Technology - describe novel and
innovative approaches to the study of pigmentation and melanoma
biology. Limit to three journal printed pages with about 12
references.
News & Views - News and Views articles are
written by invitation only. These articles are short (maximum of 2
printed pages) and with a maximum of 5 references.
They are intended to bring to the attention of the readership
of Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research papers with a pigment
cell-related theme irrespective of the journal of publication.
Given the nature of these papers, no acknowledgement paragraph
should be included and the paper(s) being commented on should be
listed as 'coverage of' and should not appear in the
references.
AUTHOR MATERIAL ARCHIVE POLICY
Please note
that unless specifically requested, Wiley-Blackwell will dispose of
all hardcopy or electronic material submitted two months after
publication. If you require the return of any material submitted,
please inform the editorial office or production editor as soon as
possible if you have not yet done so.
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
Manuscripts must be
submitted in clear, concise English. They should have 1.5 line
spacing throughout. Text should be typed in Times New Roman, 11
point. All manuscript pages should be numbered consecutively at the
top right, beginning with the title page as #1. Manuscripts should
have a uniform style and should be submitted in accordance with
these instructions. Subdivisions should be provided as appropriate
in the following sequence: (1) Title page (2) Summary (3) Text
(4) Acknowledgments (5) References (6) Tables (7) Figure legends,
and (8) Figures. More detailed instructions for manuscript
preparation can be found in the Uniform Requirements for
Manuscripts Submitted to Biochemical Journals.
PAGE LIMITS
Articles longer than
the guidelines given above will be subject to a
page charge for excess journal pages above those limits, at GBP100
per page. One journal page will generally contain 2.5 - 3 pages of
double-spaced text (approximately 800 words), 2 or 3 Figures or
Tables, or 50 references.
LAYOUT
1) Title Page -
The first page of the manuscript should include, in the following
order: (a) Title of paper, (b) Full Name of author(s), (c)
Institutional Affiliation with complete mailing address, (d) a
specific mailing address, telephone number, fax number and Email
address to whom correspondence concerning the manuscript should be
sent and (e) total word count of manuscript, including abstract,
text, references and figure legends.
2) Summary - The summary must be
less than 150 words, and must be written in complete sentences to
succinctly state the objectives and experimental design of the
paper, principal observations and conclusions. The summary
should be intelligible without reference to the rest of the paper,
and nonstandard abbreviations should not be used (cf List of
Abbreviations that follows).
3) Significance - The Significance paragraph
consists of a single paragraph of no more than 100 words. The main
goal of the Significance paragraph is to explain the significance
of the finding and the relevance of the work in the context of the
wider melanoma and pigment cell biology field to a broad
readership, from basic to clinical research scientists. No
references should be included. Please note
that a paragraph on significance is not required for review
articles.
4) Keywords - list 5 to 7 KeyWords including those in the
Title.
5) Running Title - provide a running title of up to 50
characters.
6) Text - The text should be organized in Sections
in the following order: (a) INTRODUCTION, (b) RESULTS, (c)
DISCUSSION and (d) METHODS (the Results and Discussion sections can
be combined into a single section at the authors discretion).
Section headings should be bolded and aligned on the left margin.
Subheadings should be used where appropriate and should be in
Sentence Case and bolded, and also aligned on the left margin.
Italics other than that should be used only for gene names, in
upper case for human genes (e.g. TYR), and in lower case except
initial capital for all other species (e.g. Tyr). Current
nomenclature for genes (and gene products) can be found at the
Jackson Laboratory Mouse
Genome Informatics site (For color loci, Choose: Genetic and
Phenotypic Data, Go to: Genes, Markers and Phenotypes, Search for:
Physiological: Color and White Spotting, then Retrieve), the
NIHs Online
Mendelian Inheritance in Man site, or the Coat Color Gene Table
at the IFPCS
InterPig Database. Suppliers of materials should be named and
their location (town, state/county, country) included.
5) Acknowledgements - should be listed for sources
of research reagents used; support by grants and Institutions may
also be listed.
6) References - should follow the Harvard style of
references, outlined below, and should be cited in the text as:
'White (2001) has shown...' or '...as shown earlier (Blanc and
White, 1999; Weiss et al., 2000)'. When different groups of authors
with the same first author and year of publication occur, they
should be cited thus, Weiss et al. (2000a,b), to differentiate
clearly between them. Multiple citations should be listed
alphabetically by author surname. References should be listed at
the end of the manuscript in alphabetical order according to the
name of the first author and chronologically where several papers
by the same author are listed. The list of references should
include only articles that have been published or are currently in
press and should be cited in the text in author-date format (eg.
Barral and Seabra, 2004; Cowan et al., 1997) and listed in
alphabetical order in the reference section. Unpublished data,
submitted manuscripts, abstracts and personal communications should
be cited within the text only. Personal communication should be
documented by a letter of permission. If there are more than 10
authors, 'et al.' should be used and journal titles should be
abbreviated following Index Medicus. Please use the following style
for references in the reference list:
Article in a periodical: Javelaud, D., Alexaki, V.I., and Mauviel, A. (2008). Transforming growth factor-beta in cutaneous melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 21, 123–132
Article in a book: Sorenson, P.W., and Caprio, J.C. (1998). Chemoreception. In The Physiology of Fishes, D.H. Evans, ed. (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press), pp. 375-405.
An entire book: Cowan, W.M., Jessell, T.M., and Zipursky, S.L. (1997). Molecular and Cellular Approaches to Neural Development (New York: Oxford University Press).
We recommend the use of a tool such as EndNote or Reference Manager for reference
management and formatting. The EndNote reference style for
Pigment Cell and Melanoma Research can be obtained from
this
site. Reference Manager reference styles can be searched for
here:
http://www.refman.com/support/rmstyles.asp
6) Tables - Each Table must be cited in the text
and must have brief but descriptive title. Information other than
that defining the data should be presented as a footnote. Tabular
material should be simple and uncomplicated, with as few vertical
and horizontal rules as possible. Footnotes in Tables must be typed
directly beneath the table and numbered 1, 2, 3, etc, i.e. they are
not numbered in sequence with text footnotes.
7) Figure Legends - Figures in the text should be
numbered using sequential Arabic numerals, and each should be cited
in the text.
8) Figures - To maintain consistency within the
journal, figures should be prepared using
Helvetica or Arial font and
should be largely understandable without reference to the
figure legend. Illustrations should be no larger than 203
x 254 mm (8 x 10 inches). Figures should preferably fill a single
column (width = 82 mm), but if necessary for clarity and detail,
they may span a full page (width = 171 mm). Figures should
ideally be submitted in electronic format (see below) but if
sufficient resolution is not achieved, original drawings or
high-quality photographs may be supplied. The editor
recommends using the guidelines below.
- Resolution of halftone figures must be at least 600 dpi and line figures 800 dpi.
- After reduction symbols should be at least 2–3 mm high (10 point).
- All figures should be submitted at final reproduction size.
- Figures made in PowerPoint are not suitable for reproduction.
Note that for all figures, the original digital images must be acquired at a minimum 300dpi and the labelling applied at this high resolution. Images acquired at lower resolution, labelled and then subject to a digital resolution increase are not acceptable. This is especially a problem with figures made in PowerPoint which cannot be subsequently processed to yield sufficient resolution. To check the resolution of your image just zoom in 400% and examine whether the text and other components of the image are pixelated. If so it is unlikely the image will be acceptable. Images supplied at the wrong resolution can mean severe delays in publication of the accepted manuscript.
Image manipulation - Digital figures adjusted with computer software are acceptable. However, the final image must remain representative of the original data and cannot be enhanced, obscured or rearranged. Unacceptable modifications include the addition, alteration or removal of a particular feature of an image. All digital images in manuscripts accepted for publication will be examined for any improper modification and if evidence of such inappropriate modification is detected, the Editor of the journal will request the original data to be supplied for comparison to the prepared figures and if necessary revoke acceptance of the article. Cases of deliberate misrepresentation of data will result in revocation of acceptance, and will be reported to the corresponding author's home institution or funding agency.
Guidelines on the submission of electronic artwork are available on-line here.
Color Figures - It is the policy of Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research for authors to pay the full cost for the reproduction of their colour artwork, unless in exeptional circumstances the Editor decides to accept those costs. The cost of colour printing in this Journal has recently gone down, with the first figure costing 150 GBP and all subsequent figures 50 GBP each. Therefore, please note that if there is colour artwork in your manuscript when it is accepted for publication, Wiley-Blackwell require you to complete and return a colour work agreement form before your paper can be published. This form can be downloaded as a PDF from http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pdf/SN_Sub2000_X_CoW.pdf. If you are unable to download the form, please contact the Production Editor at lrobb@wiley.com and they will be able to email or FAX a form to you. Once completed, please return the form to the Production Editor by fax to +44 (0)131226 3803.Any article received by Blackwell Publishing with colour work will not be published until the form has been returned.
To read PDF files, you must have Acrobat Reader installed on your computer. If you do not have this program, it is available as a free download from the following website: http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html
MANUSCRIPT SUBMISSION
Electronic Submission - all files should be uploaded online through
the online submission system http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/pcmr.
Requested information should be carefully provided online, as it
will prevent delays and assure rapid processing of your submission.
In case of specific inquiries – please contact the editorial
assistant at pcmr@burnham.org. For scientific inquiries, please
direct your question to one of the Executive Editors, or the Editor
in Chief. Type of files to upload: for the text and tables in DOC
or RTF format. Figures should be provided at the high resolution
saved in EPS, AI or TIFF format (for more information on electronic
figure formats, please see above).
PCMR endeavors to limit its review process to one round of revision. Thus, the Editors hope that authors who are invited to resubmit will address all of the reviewers' and editors' critiques and suggestions fully in their first revision
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
Supplementary
material can be published as web materials on Wiley InterScience at
the Editor’s discretion. Supplementary materials
may include details of Methods, Experimental procedures, as well as
relevant data, including gene array expression studies or relevant
multimedia files. The supplementary material will be accessible by
hot links from the on-line version of Pigment Cell &
Melanoma Research. Authors are responsible for the preparation
of supplementary material, which should be supplied in a format
that will be most accessible by readers (e.g. Excel for tables, PDF
or Word for text and TIFF/EPS for figures etc). More information
can be found in our guidelines at http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/bauthor/suppmat.asp
PROOFS
The corresponding author will
receive an email alert containing a link to a web site. A working
e-mail address must therefore be provided for the corresponding
author. The proof can be downloaded as a PDF (portable document
format) file from this site. Acrobat 7 will be required in order to
read this file. This software can be downloaded (free of charge)
from the following web site:
http://www.adobe.co.uk/products/acrobat/readermain.html
This will enable the file to be opened, read and corrected on screen. Further instructions will be sent with the proof. Hard copy proofs will be posted if no e-mail address is available. Excessive changes made by the author in the proofs, excluding typesetting errors, will be charged separately.
OFFPRINTS
A PDF offprint of the online
published article will be provided free of charge to the
corresponding author, and may be distributed subject to the
Publisher's terms and conditions. Paper offprints of the printed
published article may be purchased if ordered via the method
stipulated on the instructions that will accompany the proofs.
Standard Abbreviations that can be used without definition
are:
Amino Acids, 3 letter or 1 letter codes in sequences (Ala or A,
alanine; Arg or R, arginine; Asn or N, asparagine; Asp or D,
aspartic acid; Asx or B, aspartic acid or asparagine; Cys or C,
cysteine; Glu or E, glutamic acid; Gln or Q, glutamine; Glx or Z,
glutamic acid or glutamine; Gly or G, glycine; His or H, histidine;
Ile or I, isoleucine; Leu or L, leucine; Lys or K, lysine; Met or
M, methionine; Phe or F, phenylalanine; Pro or P, proline; Ser or
S, serine; Thr or T, threonine; Trp or W, tryptophan; Tyr or Y,
tyrosine; Val or V, valine)
Nucleosides and Nucleotides, 3 letter or 1 letter codes in
sequences (Ado or A, adenosine; Cyd or C, cytidine; Guo or G,
guanosine; Ino or I, inosine; Thd or T, Ribosylthymine; Urd or U,
uridine; Xao or X, xanthine)
A, ampere
Å, angstrom (10-10 m)
ACTH, adrenocorticotropin
ADP, adenosine diphosphate
AMP, adenosine monophosphate
ATP, adenosine triphosphate
ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase
b, base
bp, base pair
Bq, becquerel
BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
BSA, bovine serum albumin
cal, calorie(s)
cAMP, cyclic AMP
CD, circular dichroism
cDNA, complementary DNA
cRNA, complementary RNA
°C, degree Celsius
CHAPS, 3-(3-cholamidopropyl) diethy-ammonio-1
propanesulfonate
Ci, curie(s)
cpm, counts per minute
CTP, cytidine triphosphate
D, dalton
d, day
d, density
DAB, diaminobenzidine
DAG, diacylglycerol
DAPI, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
DEAE, diethylaminoethyl
DMEM, Dulbeccos modified Eagles medium
DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
DNase, deoxyribonuclease
DNP, dinitrophenyl
dpm, disintegrations per minute
DTT, dithiothreitol
ECL, enhanced chemiluminescence
EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
EGF, epidermal growth factor
EGTA, ethyleneglycol-bis (beta-aminoethylether)- N,N-tetraacetic
acid
ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
EM, electron microscopy
EPR, electron paramagnetic resonance
ER, endoplasmic reticulum
ESR, electron spin resonance
EST, expressed sequence tag
°F, degree Fahrenheit
FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorter
FBS, fetal bovine serum
FCS, fetal calf serum
FGF, fibroblast growth factor
FISH, fluorescent in situ hybridization
FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
FRAP, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
g, gram
g, unit of gravity
GC, gas chromatography
GLC, gas-liquid chromatography
GSH, glutathione
GTP, guanosine triphosphate
h, hour
HBSS, Hanks balanced salt solution
HEPES, N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2-ethane sulfonic acid
HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
HRP, horseradish peroxidase
IEF, isoelectric focusing
Ig, immunoglobulin
IPTG, isopropyl-ß-D-thiogalactoside
IR, infrared
IU, international unit(s)
k, kilo prefix (10-6), as in kiloliter(s)
l, liter(s)
µ, micro prefix (10-6), as in microliter(s)
m, milli prefix (10-3), as in milliliter(s)
m, meter
M, molar
mAb, monoclonal antibody
MEM, Eagles minimum essential medium
MES, 2-(N-morpholino)ethane sulfonic acid
min, minute
mol, mole(s)
mol wt, molecular weight
MOPS, morpholino propane sulfonic acid
Mr, relative molecular mass
mRNA, messenger RNA
MS, mass spectrometry
mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA
mtRNA, mitochondrial RNA
N, nano prefix (10-9), as in nanoliter(s)
N, normal (concentration of ionizable groups)
n, number in a study or group
NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
ND, not determined
NGF, nerve growth factor
NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
NP-40, Nonidet P-40
NS, not significant
nt, nucleotide
OD, optical density
ORD, optical rotary dispersion
ORF, open reading frame
p, pico prefix (10-12), as in picoliter(s)
P, probability
PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
PCA, perchloric acid
PCR, polymerase chain reaction
PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
PIPES, [1,4-piperazinebis(ethane sulfonic acid)]
PKA, protein kinase A
PKC, protein kinase C
PLC, phospholipase C
PMA, phorbol myristate acetate
PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
r, correlation coefficient
RBC, red blood cell
RER, rough endoplasmic reticulum
RIA, radioimmunoassay
RNA, ribonucleic acid
rRNA, ribosomal RNA
RNase, ribonuclease
RNP, ribonucleoprotein
rpm, revolutions per minute
RT PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
s, seconds(s)
s, sedimentation coefficient
S, Svedberg unit of sedimentation coefficient
SD, standard deviation
SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
SEM, standard error of the mean
sp act, specific activity
SSC, standard saline citrate
SV40, simian virus 40
t test, Students t test
t1/2, half-life, half-time
TBS, Tris-buffered saline
TCA, trichloroacetic acid
TdR, thymidine deoxyribose
TGF, transforming growth factor
TGN, trans-Golgi network
TLC, thin layer chromatography
Tris, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
tRNA, transfer RNA
U, unit
UDP, uridine diphosphate
UTP, uridine triphosphate
UV, ultraviolet
V, volt
vol, volume
W, watt
wt, weight
yr, year
